{"id":236823,"date":"2021-04-20T15:52:20","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T19:52:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ziliahealth.com\/blog\/the-eye-as-a-window-to-brain-pathology\/"},"modified":"2021-04-20T16:26:27","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T20:26:27","slug":"pourquoi-loeil-est-une-fenetre-sur-le-cerveau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ziliahealth.com\/fr\/blog\/pourquoi-loeil-est-une-fenetre-sur-le-cerveau\/","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi l’\u0153il est une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur les pathologies du cerveau"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Les yeux sont souvent d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme le miroir de l\u2019\u00e2me, mais ils sont \u00e9galement une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur notre sant\u00e9. <\/span>Au stade embryonnaire, les connexions nerveuses s\u2019\u00e9tablissent entre la r\u00e9tine, le nerf optique et le cerveau<\/span> en d\u00e9veloppement<\/span>. Ces structures sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme faisant partie du syst\u00e8me nerveux central.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Lien avec le cerveau<\/h3>\n

De plus en plus d\u2019\u00e9tudes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que des biomarqueurs de maladies neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives se trouvent dans l’\u0153il. Ces nouveaux biomarqueurs ont des implications importantes pour les maladies neurologiques telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer, la maladie de Parkinson et la scl\u00e9rose en plaques. Ainsi, la r\u00e9tine neurosensorielle pourrait v\u00e9ritablement \u00eatre une fen\u00eatre sur les pathologies du cerveau.<\/p>\n

La maladie d’Alzheimer, la forme la plus courante de d\u00e9mence, peut \u00eatre difficile \u00e0 diagnostiquer dans ses premiers stades. Les sympt\u00f4mes sont principalement non sp\u00e9cifiques et difficiles \u00e0 distinguer des changements normaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge (1). Cependant, nous savons aujourd’hui que des changements m\u00e9taboliques se produisent des ann\u00e9es avant que les sympt\u00f4mes ne se manifestent (2). Les biomarqueurs r\u00e9tiniens ont le potentiel d\u2019offrir une m\u00e9thode de d\u00e9tection et de diagnostic pr\u00e9coce de ces changements et peuvent avoir un impact consid\u00e9rable sur le fardeau socio-\u00e9conomique de ces maladies. Les avantages potentiels pour les patients et les syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 sont consid\u00e9rables.
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Pour mieux comprendre les m\u00e9canismes vasculaires sous-jacents des maladies c\u00e9r\u00e9brales, plusieurs \u00e9tudes se sont int\u00e9ress\u00e9es \u00e0 la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.6.5″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.6.5″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.9.4″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb1.1rem\u00a0\u00bb text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.6em\u00a0\u00bb header_3_font=\u00a0\u00bbMontserrat|500|||||||\u00a0\u00bb header_3_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#5a5a5a\u00a0\u00bb header_3_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb1.6rem\u00a0\u00bb header_3_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.6em\u00a0\u00bb header_4_font=\u00a0\u00bbMontserrat|500|||||||\u00a0\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#5a5a5a\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb782px\u00a0\u00bb max_width_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb max_width_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb max_width_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|desktop\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0vh||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0vh||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″ text_font_size_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb1.06rem\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00a0\u00bb1.06rem\u00a0\u00bb header_3_font_size_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb header_3_font_size_phone=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb header_3_font_size_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb sticky_enabled=\u00a0\u00bb0″]<\/p>\n

Composante vasculaire<\/h3>\n

Le dysfonctionnement vasculaire contribue \u00e0 la pathogen\u00e8se de nombreuses maladies oculaires, telles que le glaucome, la r\u00e9tinopathie diab\u00e9tique, la r\u00e9tinopathie hypertensive et la d\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rescence maculaire li\u00e9e \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge (3, 4). Par exemple, la rigidit\u00e9 des art\u00e8res r\u00e9tiniennes affecte le flux sanguin veineux (en particulier aux points de croisement art\u00e9rio-veineux), ce qui augmente le risque d’occlusion des veines r\u00e9tiniennes. Les patients souffrant de diab\u00e8te, d’hypertension ou d’hypercholest\u00e9rol\u00e9mie sont particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 risque. Des alt\u00e9rations veineuses r\u00e9tiniennes similaires sont suspect\u00e9es dans la maladie de Parkinson (3). La d\u00e9tection pr\u00e9coce de ces changements peut aider \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir une atteinte fonctionnelle et \u00e0 identifier les patients atteints d’une maladie pr\u00e9clinique.<\/p>\n

Le couplage neurovasculaire, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 hyper\u00e9mie fonctionnelle, d\u00e9crit la relation entre l’activit\u00e9 neuronale et les variations du d\u00e9bit sanguin c\u00e9r\u00e9bral. Dans l’\u0153il, la stimulation visuelle (par exemple, un scintillement de lumi\u00e8re) de la r\u00e9tine entra\u00eene une augmentation de l’activit\u00e9 neuronale, ce qui conduit \u00e0 une augmentation du flux sanguin vers la r\u00e9tine et le nerf optique (5). Ainsi, le couplage neurovasculaire permet \u00e0 l’organisme de r\u00e9pondre aux exigences m\u00e9taboliques du tissu nerveux. <\/p>\n

Bien que les m\u00e9canismes du couplage neurovasculaire ne soient pas enti\u00e8rement compris, des \u00e9tudes sugg\u00e8rent qu’un dysfonctionnement de ce syst\u00e8me se produit dans diverses maladies neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratives et vasculaires. Par exemple, des recherches montrent que le couplage neurovasculaire peut \u00eatre affect\u00e9 dans la maladie d’Alzheimer, dans laquelle la r\u00e9ponse des vaisseaux r\u00e9tiniens \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re est r\u00e9duite (6). D’autres \u00e9tudes sugg\u00e8rent que des \u00e9v\u00e9nements similaires se produisent dans la scl\u00e9rose en plaques, bien que des recherches suppl\u00e9mentaires soient n\u00e9cessaires pour \u00e9tayer cette th\u00e9orie (7). La r\u00e9ponse vasculaire aux stimuli visuels est une m\u00e9thode non invasive prometteuse pour diagnostiquer et surveiller les troubles neurologiques.<\/p>\n

Saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne<\/h3>\n

Pour mieux comprendre les m\u00e9canismes vasculaires sous-jacents des maladies c\u00e9r\u00e9brales, plusieurs \u00e9tudes se sont int\u00e9ress\u00e9es \u00e0 un biomarqueur important de nombreuses maladies oculaires et syst\u00e9miques : la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne. L’oxym\u00e9trie mesure la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne de l’h\u00e9moglobine, tandis que l’oxym\u00e9trie oculaire mesure la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne du sang dans la r\u00e9tine. Tout comme le cerveau, la r\u00e9tine a une demande m\u00e9tabolique \u00e9lev\u00e9e (8). L’alt\u00e9ration du flux sanguin et de l’apport en oxyg\u00e8ne dans la r\u00e9tine peut entra\u00eener des changements pathologiques importants. L’oxym\u00e9trie oculaire peut d\u00e9tecter ces changements d’oxyg\u00e9nation de la r\u00e9tine dans les maladies oculaires et syst\u00e9miques. <\/p>\n

Des \u00e9tudes montrent que la r\u00e9tine pr\u00e9sente une saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans la maladie d’Alzheimer (9). Dans la scl\u00e9rose en plaques, les r\u00e9sultats de l’oxym\u00e9trie oculaire montrent une augmentation de la saturation veineuse en oxyg\u00e8ne, ce qui indique une r\u00e9duction de l’absorption d’oxyg\u00e8ne. Les chercheurs pensent que la demande r\u00e9duite en oxyg\u00e8ne peut \u00eatre li\u00e9e \u00e0 l’atrophie cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la n\u00e9vrite optique chez les patients atteints de scl\u00e9rose en plaques (10)<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n

Le flux sanguin et l’oxyg\u00e8ne jouent un r\u00f4le crucial dans le maintien de l’hom\u00e9ostasie. Les donn\u00e9es actuelles montrent que les alt\u00e9rations de la r\u00e9gulation vasculaire et de la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne peuvent conduire \u00e0 diverses pathologies du syst\u00e8me nerveux central. Les biomarqueurs r\u00e9tiniens permettent la d\u00e9tection pr\u00e9coce des maladies. Cependant, il existe un besoin criant pour des technologies permettant de fournir des mesures objectives de ces biomarqueurs. <\/p>\n

Les oxym\u00e8tres oculaires traditionnels fournissent des mesures relatives de saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne dans les gros vaisseaux sanguins du fond de l\u2019\u0153il. Cette limitation emp\u00eache l\u2019\u00e9valuation de tissus vascularis\u00e9s des structures sp\u00e9cifiques telles que la r\u00e9tine ou la t\u00eate du nerf optique. Le Zilia Ocular, en revanche, utilise tout le spectre de la lumi\u00e8re pour mesurer la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne de l’\u0153il. Cette nouvelle plateforme technologique permet d’effectuer des mesures quantitatives en continu, ce qui donne un aper\u00e7u plus complet de l’oxyg\u00e9nation de la r\u00e9tine. <\/p>\n

D’autres \u00e9tudes sont n\u00e9cessaires pour valider le r\u00f4le de la saturation en oxyg\u00e8ne et du dysfonctionnement vasculaire dans les maladies neurologiques, et d’autres biomarqueurs m\u00e9taboliques doivent encore \u00eatre d\u00e9couverts, mais le potentiel est \u00e9norme. Les nouvelles technologies, telles que Zilia Ocular, ont la capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9volutionner le diagnostic et la gestion des troubles neurod\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratifs, notamment la maladie d’Alzheimer, la scl\u00e9rose en plaques et la maladie de Parkinson. Avec le vieillissement de la population mondiale, l’oxym\u00e9trie oculaire deviendra de plus en plus importante dans les milieux cliniques et de recherche.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Yap TE, Balendra SI, Almonte MT, Cordeiro MF. Retinal correlates of neurological disorders. <\/span>Ther Adv Chronic Dis<\/span><\/i>. 2019;10:2040622319882205. Published 2019 Dec 2. doi:10.1177\/2040622319882205<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Morris JC. Early-stage and preclinical Alzheimer disease. <\/span>Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord<\/span><\/i>. 2005;19(3):163-165. doi:10.1097\/01.wad.0000184005.22611.cc<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Kromer R, Buhmann C, Hidding U, et al. Evaluation of retinal vessel morphology in patients with Parkinson’s disease using optical coherence tomography. <\/span>PLoS One<\/span><\/i>. 2016;11(8):e0161136. Published 2016 Aug 15. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0161136<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Boeckaert J, Vandewalle E, Stalmans I. Oximetry: recent insights into retinal vasopathies and glaucoma. <\/span>Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol<\/span><\/i>. 2012;(319):75-83<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Garh\u00f6fer G, Chua J, Tan B, Wong D, Schmidl D, Schmetterer L. Retinal neurovascular coupling in diabetes. <\/span>J Clin Med<\/span><\/i>. 2020;9(9):2829. Published 2020 Sep 1. doi:10.3390\/jcm9092829<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Kotliar K, Hauser C, Ortner M, et al. Altered neurovascular coupling as measured by optical imaging: a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. <\/span>Sci Rep<\/span><\/i>. 2017;7(1):12906. Published 2017 Oct 10. doi:10.1038\/s41598-017-13349-5<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. Stickland R, Allen M, Magazzini L, Singh KD, Wise RG, Tomassini V. Neurovascular coupling during visual stimulation in multiple sclerosis: A MEG-fMRI study. <\/span>Neuroscience<\/span><\/i>. 2019;403:54-69. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.03.018<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. Country MW. Retinal metabolism: A comparative look at energetics in the retina. <\/span>Brain Res<\/span><\/i>. 2017;1672:50-57. doi:10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.07.025<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. Stef\u00e1nsson E, Olafsdottir OB, Eliasdottir TS, et al. Retinal oximetry: Metabolic imaging for diseases of the retina and brain. <\/span>Prog Retin Eye Res<\/span><\/i>. 2019;70:1-22. doi:10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.04.001<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. Einarsdottir AB, Hardarson SH, Kristjansdottir JV, Bragason DT, Snaedal J, Stef\u00e1nsson E. Retinal oximetry imaging in Alzheimer’s disease. <\/span>J Alzheimers Dis<\/span><\/i>. 2016;49(1):79-83. doi:10.3233\/JAD-150457<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. Einarsdottir AB, Olafsdottir OB, Hjaltason H, Hardarson SH. Retinal oximetry is affected in multiple sclerosis. <\/span>Acta Ophthalmol<\/span><\/i>. 2018;96(5):528-530. doi:10.1111\/aos.13682<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    \u00c9crit par l’\u00e9quipe de Zilia le 20 avril 2021<\/p>\n

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    Lecture additionnelle<\/h2>\n

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    EN<\/a><\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_3″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.5.1″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_css_main_element=\u00a0\u00bbmargin:auto\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text content_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

    Zilia Inc. \u00a9 2020 | Privacy<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00bb content_phone=\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

    Zilia Inc. \u00a9 2020 <\/p>\n

    \u00a0\u00bb content_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb disabled_on=\u00a0\u00bboff|off|off\u00a0\u00bb module_class=\u00a0\u00bbcopyright\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.8.1″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb0.9rem\u00a0\u00bb text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb2.5em\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb100%\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0.8rem\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0.8rem\u00a0\u00bb text_font_size_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

    Zilia Inc. \u00a9 2021<\/p>\n

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    Les yeux sont souvent d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme le miroir de l\u2019\u00e2me, mais ils sont \u00e9galement une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur notre sant\u00e9. Au stade embryonnaire, les connexions nerveuses s\u2019\u00e9tablissent entre la r\u00e9tine, le nerf optique et le cerveau en d\u00e9veloppement. Ces structures sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme faisant partie du syst\u00e8me nerveux central.Les yeux sont les seuls organes du […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":236811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"2880","content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-236823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classifiee"],"yoast_head":"\nPourquoi l'\u0153il est une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur les pathologies du cerveau - Zilia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les yeux sont les seuls organes du corps humain o\u00f9 le syst\u00e8me nerveux central et la vascularisation sont visibles.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ziliahealth.com\/fr\/blog\/pourquoi-loeil-est-une-fenetre-sur-le-cerveau\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pourquoi l'\u0153il est une fen\u00eatre ouverte sur les pathologies du cerveau - 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